คำสอน · พระอาจารย์สุรพงค์Teaching · Pra Ajarn Suraphong
สังขตธาตุกับอสังขตธาตุ: ความแตกต่างระหว่างสิ่งปรุงแต่งกับพระนิพพานThe Conditioned and the Unconditioned Element: The Difference Between Compounded Nature and Nibbana
พระอาจารย์สุรพงค์อธิบายสัมมาสติสามส่วนจากพุทธพจน์ พร้อมชี้ให้เห็นความแตกต่างสำคัญระหว่างสังขตธาตุ คือธรรมชาติที่มีปัจจัยปรุงแต่งในภพสาม กับอสังขตธาตุ คือพระนิพพานซึ่งไม่มีปัจจัยปรุงแต่งใดๆ เลย ท่านยังเล่าถึงยาสมุนไพรโบราณที่ใช้ขจัดธาตุดำให้กายสงบก่อนปฏิบัติธรรม และสอนให้เผชิญหน้ากับทุกข์ด้วยขันติและตบะแทนการหลบหนี ปิดท้ายด้วยการแผ่เมตตาและอุทิศส่วนกุศลPhra Ajarn Suraphong unpacks the Buddha's three-part teaching on right mindfulness, then draws a key distinction between the conditioned element -- nature governed by conditioning factors within the three realms of existence -- and the unconditioned element, Nibbana, which has no conditioning factors at all. He also recounts how ancient herbal medicine was once used to calm the body's dark elements before practice, and teaches facing suffering with patience and austerity rather than fleeing it. The sit closes with loving-kindness and merit dedication.
This practice is deeply necessary and important for every life, because we live under the control of three natures. Only wholesome nature gives us benefit -- , understanding, rightness, goodness, and fulfillment. The other natures give us nothing beneficial and instead bring us much suffering and harm, because that nature is unwholesome. So we must learn to abide with wholesome nature, learn and understand it, and train ourselves to abide with wholesome nature as a normal state -- morning, midday, afternoon, evening, able to abide with wholesome nature continuously. The Fully Self-Enlightened Buddha taught the assembly of monks: "Monks, you should clearly discern the body, feelings, mind, and mental objects, in order to remove covetousness and grief regarding the world." We must come to understand the depth and importance of this single sentence, which alone can change a life from an ordinary person into a noble one.
The Three Parts of Right Mindfulness: Settling, the Automatic Mechanism, and Cause and Condition
The Buddha taught the monks that to abide with wholesome nature, one must settle the mind. Settling means marking, specifying, pinpointing. Wherever we mark, specify, pinpoint -- the mind gets placed there. Mark the foot, pinpoint the foot, and the mind appears there; perception arises instantly -- we can perceive the foot touching the ground, cool, warm, soft, or firm. Before this, without marking or specifying, we could not know it, even though the nerve cells exist and are undamaged -- what matters is the mind. If we shift to the breath, the air touching the walls of the nostrils on the inhale, we know it; on the exhale, we know it; a short inhale, we know it; a long inhale, we know it. We must come to settle the mind, placing it somewhere in order to know. Even settling the mind requires the nerve cells working together with the brain system. When we settle on the heart, we perceive its beating, its pumping. All these signals are bodily signals. As we go to perceive them, the sphere of knowing -- the sphere of -- arises. Once it arises, it draws in pure energy to drive system, refining and correcting the elements of within us to be clean and pure, clearing away defiling factors, because merit -- -- is opposed to defilement, which is impurity; when they meet, cleansing naturally occurs. This is a key point, because every dimension we abide in contains defilement.
The Automatic System of the Mind, Like the Body's Digestive System
As we continuously settle the mind on the sphere of knowing, the sphere of mindfulness, pure energy comes to cleanse defilement, making it lighter -- meaning problems and obstacles become lighter too, since defilement is what creates problems and obstacles. When pure energy -- merit -- cleanses defilement entirely, problems vanish, and difficulty vanishes with them; we are freed from one dimension into a more refined one. This increases the proportion of wholesomeness and diminishes the force of , indeterminate nature, making our lives easier, more comfortable, more vibrant, more open, more relaxed. This is the first part of the Buddha's teaching on , which has three parts within this single sentence. The first part is settling the mind. Behind the mechanism of this natural process lies an automatic system, similar to our body: when we eat, the body has automatic systems -- the system that transports food, the digestive system, the absorption system, the excretion system -- all of these are automatic systems. Our mind works the same way; it has its own automatic system whose workings we don't fully understand. Once the sphere of knowing -- the sphere of mindfulness -- arises, the mechanism of the mind's natural system, everything connected to the mind, is an operating system. From the moment we settle on the sphere of knowing, settling means placing our attention inward to know -- this entire complex operating system arises within the mind alone.
When Wholesome or Unwholesome Nature Contends to Become the Ruling Force
The second part is where the Buddha specifically pinpoints the body, feelings, mind, and mental objects. We place the mind to perceive the body, to perceive feeling -- the first layer of mind. Mind consists of feeling, perception, mental formations, and consciousness. Consciousness has the capacity to perceive anything within feeling, mind, and mental objects, both internally and externally. The reason the Buddha taught us to settle on body, feelings, mind, and mental objects is that whenever various natures possess the mind, contending to become the ruling force -- whichever is subtler and quicker can seize control. The mind receives one thing at a time; whichever nature enters first takes its own s and body-feeling-mind and overlays them onto our own body-feeling-mind-object. This is exactly what causes our behavior to change. If the unwholesome side seizes control, our behavior becomes coarse and harsh, our thoughts and feelings turn unwholesome, and our feelings become suffering -- a state that must be endured, and endured with difficulty. But if the wholesome side prevails, it takes the body-feeling-mind-object of the wholesome side, which is loftier than the human body, and overlays it onto the human body to elevate it, making it nobler and better. Once wholesome nature possesses us, it draws merit in to flow through and drive the wholesome system; it must bring in body-feeling-mind-object of high quality to overlay and elevate the human body-feeling-mind to be nobler and better. The wholesome stream of merit then wells up continuously into the brightness of this sphere of knowing, the sphere of mindfulness, cleansing away defilement and giving rise to a sense of liberation. But if the unwholesome side becomes the ruling force, it takes its own lower-quality body-feeling-mind-object and presses the elements of dhamma of the human body down, because it wants to draw in sin. Once sin is drawn in, an unwholesome mind arises, and unwholesome mental factors -- greed, hatred, delusion, lust -- appear, drawing in defilement, the energy of sin, flowing in continuously. As sin flows in, the system falls from this dimension into a darker one, under the power of unwholesomeness -- an unwholesome inner voice steers us, and an urge arises to do something wrong and improper, whether through greed, hatred, or delusion.
The Three Characteristics of Nature: Wholesome, Unwholesome, and Indeterminate Dhamma
If we do not settle on the body, feelings, mind, and mental objects, we can never know that the three natures -- the threefold characteristic -- truly exist: wholesome dhamma, unwholesome dhamma, and indeterminate dhamma. "Tri" means three characteristics of nature. What is commonly spoken of as impermanence, suffering, and non-self is a matter of going down into the details of unwholesome nature -- the conditioned element, which requires conditioning factors. Nature has two aspects: the conditioned element and the unconditioned element. Nibbana is the unconditioned element, the unconditioned dhamma -- without any conditioning factor. The elements of dhamma within the three realms of existence are conditioned dhamma, shaped by the mind, with causes and conditions for their formation -- this is the mixture we are all steeped in. As for wholesome dhamma in its pure form, it has no other conditioning factor at all -- it is purely and entirely the element of wholesomeness, perfectly pure, with 100% right view, 100% purity. This second part, where the Buddha taught us to settle on the body, feelings, mind, and mental objects, is to know the true causes and conditions that govern our lives and the lives of all beings in their many turns.
Covetousness and Grief: The Law of Karma and the Threefold Characteristic
The third part concerns the ultimate goal: we must eliminate the covetousness and grief of the world entirely. Covetousness means the delight that arises and gives rise to greed, a desire to acquire. Grief is sorrow, which the unwholesome side uses as a pretext for anger and every kind of harm. In truth, delight and aversion are results of the law of karma; the law of karma yields results in our lives at every present moment. The law of karma is the accumulation of past causes, giving rise to results -- some wholesome, some unwholesome. When these results ripen, sense-bases draw in various components to bring about different outcomes according to a pre-set pattern. The side of merit gives delight and sfaction; the side of sin gives sorrow and dissatisfaction. Karma has a fixed, limited quantity -- delight or aversion arises according to how much cause was accumulated. But the unwholesome side wants more and more, even though the amount is fixed, steering us toward greed and excess, wanting to create trouble so that sin can be drawn in further. In living our lives, we should take only what is appropriate; wholesomeness pushes us toward diligence and in accordance with the pre-set pattern, striving with wisdom according to reality. While the law of karma yields its results, the law of the threefold characteristic simultaneously steers us to accumulate further causes. So the Buddha taught us to eliminate delight and aversion entirely and abide in the quality of equanimity -- the wholesome mental factor of mental balance arises, making the mind steady, undisturbed by delight or aversion toward any stimulus.
Wholesome Mental Factors Leading to the First Jhāna
So that we may abide with wholesome nature, it comes together with wholesome mental factors -- mindfulness, faith, moral shame, moral dread, non-greed, non-hatred, and the mental factor of mental balance -- which brings calm to both body and mind: the body light, not heavy; the body refined, the mind refined, gentle and soft; honest; body and mind fit and suited for work. All of these are mental factors that give rise to the first . Simply by abiding with the mental factor of balance -- placing the mind in neutral equilibrium -- while drawing merit in to cleanse the defilement of body and mind, the body and mind become undisturbed, light, and calm; body and mind become honest, fit for work, and can progress into the first jhāna.
The Ancient Herbal Medicine Simile: Clearing Dark Elements to Calm the Body
We need to understand this point. In certain ancient eras, people would prepare herbal medicines to clear dark elements from the body so it could become calm; when the body is calm, the mind becomes calm easily; a heavy body allows the mind to become light easily, because poor circulation of blood and wind-energy is what makes the body coarse -- refining it makes both body and mind gentle and fitting. We can see this was genuinely helpful, but we live in an age where this knowledge has gradually faded away. So the burdensome behaviors of the body require more time to clear away all the defilements, making it somewhat harder in an age without such aids -- we must rely purely on patience. Even living in an age without herbal aids to help clear the body, that's fine. The Fully Self-Enlightened Buddha did teach about various herbal remedies, but the essential technique he gave us is : we must face it directly, no matter what era we are born into. Simply face the state that must be endured, and endured with difficulty -- do not turn away from suffering; face the truth by relying on the quality of patience. This is why the Buddha said that, apart from wisdom, he praised patience above all. Patience will help us reach the truth; this patience comes together with austerity, serving as armor that protects us from suffering, without causing torment.
Facing Suffering: Suffering Is a State That Must Be Endured, and Endured With Difficulty
We must prepare our minds to face suffering, because human beings, when they meet suffering, always turn away and refuse to accept it. But we must move forward and confront suffering. Suffering is a state that must be endured, and endured with difficulty. When it arises, simply settling the mind is enough -- there's no need to struggle with it. Just settle, and the sphere of knowing, the sphere of mindfulness, arises, refining and clearing away the defilement that causes suffering, making it lighter. As defilement lightens, suffering lightens; when defilement is gone, suffering is gone too. This is what we need in practicing the , or in living our lives -- patience, the courage to face states that must be endured, and endured with difficulty. We settle the mind continuously without forgetting; wherever we settle, the sphere of knowing, the sphere of mindfulness, arises, driving the wholesome system to refine and correct the elements of dhamma within us to be clean and pure, and then we are liberated. This is the principle of wholesomeness -- the role of the human being is simply to settle the mind. Wherever we settle, we know that place; whatever we settle on, the mind gets placed there.
Our Role Is Only to Settle the Mind — Not to Manage Defilement Ourselves
We go to perceive; the sphere of knowing, the sphere of mindfulness, arises at the mind -- it can arise nowhere else. Once it arises, it continuously draws in pure energy. We can see that we have one role we are capable of performing, not too difficult: to settle the mind on what we can actually do. Don't try to do what we cannot do -- namely, trying to cleanse defilement directly without even knowing where it is. Don't try to fight defilement to the death. Behind the scenes, someone is managing it for us. We only need to settle the mind, relying on wisdom to recognize that this meditation object gives this particular signal. We settle; the sphere of knowing, the sphere of mindfulness, and pure energy will take on the task of driving the wholesome system to clear away defiling factors on its own. Once defilement is gone, purity and liberation arise, freeing us from this dimension into a more refined one. This increases the proportion of wholesomeness while the proportion of other natures decreases, making life easier, more comfortable, lighter, and more open. We need to understand these mechanisms, and this will make living easier -- doing things correctly, in harmony with the mechanism of nature, our lives becoming easier, more comfortable, more open, more vibrant, and provably so. We will come to understand the reasonableness of the natural system.
Daily Practice and the Stream of Merit
After we finish our work and business, having supported our family and staff, we return home, bathe, eat, and use our time beneficially, bringing the mind to learn the cultivation of right mindfulness, abiding within the wholesome system. The Triple Gem then appears radiant at the center of our being; we appear radiant within them; both we and they become radiant within Nibbana, within the presence of the Knowing Ones of boundless power. The stream of merit wells up continuously within our body and mind; purity and liberation arise, and many good things come to our lives.
Radiating Loving-Kindness With a Mother's Heart to the World and Cosmos
Having cultivated goodness for ourselves, we go on to cultivate goodness that benefits people and all beings, by developing . This loving-kindness is a tool of wholesome dhamma, provided so that those with abundant merit can benefit those with less, simply by forming a good wish. As we establish the sphere of loving-kindness, it takes the form of a round, clear, bright sphere, filled within with the state of good wishes. We simply settle on this good wish and sustain that state -- that's all. But since loving-kindness is a tool, it comes in many qualities. Our revered preceptor thus advised us to draw upon the heart of a mother, brimming with love and sincere goodwill toward her young child. This sphere of loving-kindness is established; this heart of loving-kindness is of the highest quality, because it is filled with purity and sincerity. Dhamma that is truthful must be grounded in purity and sincerity as its foundation; such dhamma becomes of very high quality, yielding satisfying results. The pure and sacred stream of merit wells up continuously within the brightness of loving-kindness. Loving-kindness has the special quality of being able to dissolve resentment and irritation; once we settle it in our minds, that irritation vanishes entirely. As we expand the mind imbued with loving-kindness to cover our home, loving-kindness shines throughout every atom of the atmosphere, making people, beings, and things radiant, clear, cool, clean, pure. It expands further to cover the whole village, continuing to the district, province, country, neighboring countries, until it covers the entire world, making this world like a crystal world, radiant, clear, cool, clean, pure. May the people of the world and all beings be free from suffering and find ; may those who suffer much suffer less; may those who suffer little be entirely free of suffering and happy; may those with little happiness find ever more.
Loving-Kindness Extends Through the Cosmos and Refines the Environment
Having formed this good wish, we expand the mind imbued with loving-kindness into the atmosphere of the cosmos, covering countless stars -- tens, hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions -- and continuing on to hundreds of billions of universes, infinite universes, shining and refining every atom of every person and being, making them radiant, clear, cool, clean, pure. Our minds expand, blossom, become spacious, empty, light, clear, cool. The light of loving-kindness shines into the hearts of people and all beings, dissolving the resentment and irritation of defilement entirely. Wholesome nature then comes to reside as the ruling force in each heart -- their own -- drawing in pure energy, merit, to drive the wholesome system, freeing beings continuously from one dimension into another. The proportion of wholesomeness increases, the force of and unwholesome diminishes, making life better each day. Beyond this, loving-kindness also shines and refines every atom of the atmosphere -- earth, water, air, sky, mountains, seas, oceans, trees and grass, buildings and homes, belongings, and crops and food -- so that the people of the world and all beings have a good environment to live in. Good things arise abundantly for the world and cosmos simply through our cultivation of loving-kindness. Whoever benefits the world and the cosmos may in turn draw upon the resources of the world and the cosmos.
Dedication of Merit and the Closing Aspiration
Having cultivated loving-kindness, we gather the mind to stop and be still within the sphere of loving-kindness, benefiting people and all beings without limit; the stream of merit continues to well up and flow within the brightness of loving-kindness continuously. We then dedicate this merit to arise for people and all beings, wishing them all well, and sharing in the merit we have sincerely made. This includes our ancestors, parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts and uncles, teachers, and all our benefactors, as well as the celestial beings who help and support us, and any beings we may have wronged, our karmic counterparties of every kind; may we forgive one another and share fully in this merit, both the stream of merit and the stream of attainment. We then gather the mind to stop and be still within this stream of merit, resting in the midst of the purity and radiant brightness of the merit-element. We gather the mind to stop and be still within the Triple Gem -- within the Buddha-jewel, the Dhamma-jewel, the Sangha-jewel -- and rest within the great venerable teachers, within the utterly refined dhamma body of our revered preceptor, of our revered teacher, and within the utterly refined dhamma body of our respected teacher (Khun Yay). The mind is a ready-made element; whatever we settle on, that is what arises, whether we see them clearly or only hazily and dimly -- because the mind is a ready-made element.
We must merge ourselves with them into a single unity, for they hold boundless goodness toward us; we can never afford to drift far from them. We must cultivate a firm, unbreakable bond with them. Every single moment, they never cease their support, whether we are asleep, awake, standing, walking, sitting, lying down, wandering about, or engaged in improper conduct -- they continue to benefit us, refining and helping us every moment, without pause, day and night. Every time we think of them, we appear radiant within them, and they appear radiant within us; both we and they appear radiant within Nibbana, within the presence of the Knowing Ones of boundless power, countless beyond number. We take this auspicious moment, while the stream of merit from the deep refinement of Nibbana continues to well up and create this radiance, to pay respects and ask for blessings, setting our intention deep within this bright sphere of merit, so that from this moment onward, throughout our path of building perfections, our lives may be transformed by knowledge paired with happiness and purity, and by success in everything right and good. We ask for the blessing of merit, radiance, strength, power, and the decisive authority of Nibbana throughout all elements and all dhamma, together with the blessing of our revered preceptor, our revered teacher, and our respected teacher. May all this merit combine with the merit we have sincerely accumulated since our very first life, through countless lifetimes up to the present, becoming sacred merit of great power, refining our body, speech, mind, and the elements of seeing, remembering, thinking, knowing -- earth, water, wind, fire, space, and consciousness -- making them radiant, clear, cool, clean, pure. May we be freed from misfortune and the results of past wrongdoing, from every obstacle in life, all dissolved and gone -- greed, hatred, delusion, lust, , wrong views, craving, and clinging entirely eradicated without residue. May we gain the eye that sees the Dhamma, penetrating and mastering the knowledge of the dhammakaya. May we have strong health and a long life, able to build merit and perfections throughout our lives, with unwavering courage in building perfections, heading straight along the path to Nibbana, to the ultimate end of Dhamma. May all these good wishes come to fruition for us all, from this moment onward, in every life until the ultimate end of Dhamma, by the boundless power of every Fully Self-Enlightened Buddha. May all our aspirations be fulfilled.