พระอาจารย์อธิบายว่าธรรมชาติสามฝ่าย คือ กุศล อกุศล และอัพยากตะ ควบคุมสรรพสัตว์อยู่ในทุกขณะปัจจุบัน ผ่านกลไกของจิตและเจตสิก แล้วสอนให้เห็นว่าการเจริญสมาธิคือการเลือกใช้เจตสิกฝ่ายกุศลอย่างมีคุณภาพ เพื่อเหนี่ยวนำบุญเข้ามา และปิดท้ายด้วยเรื่องเล่าการลงมาเกิดพร้อมคำอธิษฐาน และหนทางเข้าถึงพระรัตนตรัยภายในผ่านศีล สมาธิ ปัญญา.The teacher explains that three natures — wholesome, unwholesome, and neutral — govern all beings in every present moment through the mechanism of mind (citta) and mental factors (cetasika), then shows how meditation means choosing wholesome mental factors with quality to draw merit inward, closing with the story of descending from the Dusita heaven with a vow, and the path to the inner Triple Gem through virtue, concentration, and wisdom.
Yesterday we learned the lesson of the turtle. The key point was to understand that a natural force governs all beings — kusalā dhammā, akusalā dhammā, abyākatā dhammā (wholesome states, unwholesome states, and neutral states). This natural force governs beings through an inner voice and inner feelings, and each of us carries all three natures mixed together — for as long as we have not yet become an arahant. Only an arahant has a nature that is purely wholesome, one hundred percent goodness, because the elements have been refined until and neutral elements are separated out entirely, leaving and completeness.
The teacher stressed that everything taught must be provable. Does the inner voice really exist? It must be proven. Do the three natures really exist? It must be proven. Even the proportion of the three natures within each person must be proven. Take someone in prison, who carries a large proportion of unwholesomeness — we cannot say they are entirely bad, because their share of wholesomeness still exists; they are not evil all the time. It is only that the unwholesome portion is large enough to force them into wrongdoing, resulting in imprisonment. We too carry unwholesomeness, only in a smaller amount, not enough to force us into faults of that magnitude. We are not superior to them — we simply carry a different proportion of the same three natures.
The behavior of the three natures can be observed in daily life. Someone with a large share of wholesomeness — rich or poor alike — tends to wake early, chant, pay respects, sit in meditation, radiate , make a wish, and go out to give alms in the morning; by day, they study to understand the truth of life and teach their children. Someone with a large share of unwholesomeness, however, is led toward quick anger, self-centeredness, and dissfaction with everything — a sign that the unwholesome nature is asserting itself, inflating the sense of self.
The Law of Kamma and the Law of the Three Characteristics
The three natures use and (impermanence, suffering, non-self) as their instruments of control. For heavenly beings, the fruit of gives its result continuously, in every present moment — the moment it stops giving results is the moment they fall from heaven. The same applies to Brahmas and formless Brahmas — all are simply the fruiting of the law of kamma. It is the same for humans: every present moment is the fruiting of the law of kamma, sometimes good, sometimes bad. The law of kamma governs from the past into the present, while the law of the three characteristics takes the present moment itself as its subject. When a good result from the law of kamma arrives, we feel delighted and want more — no amount is ever enough — and unwholesomeness seizes on that dissatisfaction, leading us toward selfishness and forcing us to create new kamma that will bear fruit in the future.
Conversely, when the law of kamma bears the fruit of past wrongdoing, bringing suffering and hardship into the present, we grow dissatisfied and blame others rather than ourselves. Behind that habit of blaming lies unwholesomeness again, leading us to blame others in order to create new demerit, which it will then use to give us further results in the near or distant future. Unaware humans thus circle endlessly through birth and death. We must therefore come to know and understand each present moment clearly, because true reality arises only in each present moment — the past is merely information we can recall, the future has not yet arrived, and only the present is the fruit of reality as it actually appears.
The Foundations of Mindfulness: Knowing Body, Feeling, Mind, and Dhamma
Because the three natures rely on this very present moment to control us, if we do not come to know each present moment, we will never know any truth at all. This is why the Buddha taught the development of in the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta: monks, you should clearly discern body in body, feeling in feeling, mind in mind, in dhamma. When any of the three natures possesses us, it overlays its own body, feeling, mind, and dhamma onto our human body, feeling, mind, and dhamma, and directs us through that overlay.
When wholesomeness is the ruling nature, it overlays a body, feeling, mind, and dhamma that are wholesome mentors, and our thoughts and feelings become elevated and good, reasonable, and comfortable; the overlaid body behaves politely, speaks kindly, and acts in an orderly way. But when unwholesomeness takes over — drawing on management from realms lower than the human body, such as wandering spirits, asuras, or hell beings — the overlay becomes coarse: harsh speech, idle chatter, divisive talk, lying. Their thoughts and feelings appear in our own mind, yet they are not truly ours — we try to push them away and cannot, because if they were truly our own thoughts, they would vanish the moment we stopped thinking them. That they persist is proof they do not belong to us. This is exactly what the Buddha asked us to verify by discerning each present moment, staying with body, feeling, mind, and dhamma — because whichever nature possesses us brings all four of these as one complete set.
How the Three Natures Draw In Energy
When any nature overlays us, it draws in energy along with it. Wholesomeness draws in the energy of merit, pure energy; unwholesomeness draws in the energy of demerit, defiled energy. Meritorious energy has three components — purity, happiness, and refined possessions. Demeritorious energy carries defilement, the grime that creates problems and obstacles, a state of suffering that is hard to bear, and at its very center a pitch-black sphere of ruin, even darker than the sphere of demerit, whose function is to destroy our good fortune.
These components are drawn in and sealed into a completed sphere of merit or demerit, then stored as a dhamma sphere placed on the timeline of life — though not every merit or demerit makes it onto that timeline, since it can be blocked by the opposing nature. Whoever carries a larger share of wholesomeness has the strength to resist demerit from being placed on their timeline; whoever carries a larger share of unwholesomeness blocks merit in the same way. This is why some people meet one crisis after another, while others seem continually fortunate — the proportion of natures within them is what matters. We increase our share of wholesomeness by dwelling within the system of wholesomeness, continually drawing merit inward to weaken the other natures. Life, then, is not something to be left to fate — it is a struggle, and we must choose to stand within system, or our future will not survive.
Mind and Mental Factors: Thought and Feeling Together
The teacher then explained the mechanics of meditation as the development of (mind) and (s). Our mind has 89 states in brief, or 121 in full — with a lower range that unwholesomeness oversees and a higher range that must be developed and elevated through the power of concentration, ceto-.
Cetasika is the of the mind. The teacher compared it to an actor entering a scene: if the lines are spoken plainly with no feeling behind them, we do not get absorbed — there must be feeling for us to be drawn in, and that feeling is cetasika. Citta, meanwhile, is thought itself. Thought and feeling always travel together: to “notice” (nuk) is for an image or piece of information to arise; to “think” (kit) is to elaborate on that information. But thinking and noticing cannot fix themselves in the mind without an accompanying feeling — an ordinary sensation like cold or hot is just a sensation, but when a feeling of liking arises, it can hold the mind's attention. Mind and mental factor are thus the essence of every moment of life, whether the feeling-thought belongs to our own human self or to some lower nature that has overlaid us. When a lower nature possesses us, its thoughts and feelings appear in our mind, and when we die and are reborn in a lower realm, it is exactly those levels of mind that once appeared within us that draw the energy pulling us to that realm to repay our debt.
The 25 Wholesome Mental Factors and the Nine That Matter Most
In daily life we have feelings belonging to wholesomeness, unwholesomeness, and neutrality to choose from, and we should choose the wholesome ones that bring benefit, because meditation requires setting up a feeling in the mind to draw in meritorious energy. There are 25 wholesome mental factors in total, but only 19 arise together with every wholesome mind-moment — meaning the instant a wholesome mind arises in us, these mental factors rise up and draw merit in immediately. Among them, nine are especially important: (sati), (saddhā), (hiri), (ottappa), (alobha), non-hatred (adosa), and the mental factor of , tatramajjhattatā. The moment wholesomeness possesses the mind, we become instantly self-aware; but when wholesomeness does not arise, we walk about absent-minded, unaware of anything — that is neutrality taking hold instead.
Hiri and ottappa are moral shame and moral dread of wrongdoing, and they arise when a wholesome mind is established in us; under another nature we feel neither shame nor dread — under neutrality we simply feel indifferent, but under unwholesomeness we feel bold enough to defy it outright. Alobha is freedom from craving what belongs to others; adosa is freedom from anger and irritation. Once these are established, even when someone accuses or slanders us to our face, we find ourselves strangely free of anger — a sign that a wholesome mind has taken hold. Tatramajjhattatā keeps the mind balanced toward every stimulus, inner and outer, holding it in equanimity. These are the very components drawn upon during meditation.
Practitioners of other faiths — Christian, Muslim, Hindu — rely chiefly on the faith factor to draw in energy, faith in their own God. But when we keep precepts, hiri-ottappa brightens; when we are free of craving and aversion, alobha and adosa arise; and tatramajjhattatā brightens along with them. Keeping precepts is not merely undertaking them formally — it requires the intention to keep them pure. These components are what allow each factor to draw merit inward with quality, leading toward the attainment of .
The Thirteen Common Mental Factors and the Ones We Must Deliberately Establish
There is another group of mental factors that can arise with any mind-moment at all, wholesome or unwholesome — thirteen in total: contact (phassa), feeling (), perception (saññā), volition (cetanā), (ekaggatā), the life faculty (jīvitindriya), and attention (manasikāra), among others. This group arises constantly in daily life, regardless of whether the mind is wholesome or unwholesome. But when we set out to practice and develop , another group of mental factors must be deliberately established: initial thought (vitakka), directing the mind onto the object; sustained thought (vicāra), reflecting and discerning; effort (viriya), the persistence that sustains it; (pīti), joy that gradually arises; desire-to-do (chanda), in what has been cultivated; and resolve (adhimokkha), firm conviction. If we do not deliberately establish them, they simply do not arise. When established and combined with the nine key wholesome factors, drawing merit in continuously, they purify the mind.
Why Meditation Sometimes Feels Worse Afterward
Often practice seems to make no progress, because unwholesomeness interferes with false guidance, and we go along with it — so that during meditation the mind is not wholesome, the mental factors are not wholesome, and merit is not drawn in; demerit is drawn in instead. The result is that after sitting we feel worse than before — instead of the lightness and clarity we expect, we feel heavy, aching all over, body and mind both suffering. This happens because unwholesomeness stirs up — the wish to get results quickly, to reach the fast — lacking the contentment to be satisfied with what one currently has and is. The human role is only to observe and know; trying to force or hasten the process means letting unwholesomeness interfere with wholesomeness's own work, using unwholesome methods — and there is no way that can produce a good result. We do not even know where the defilement lies or how to handle it. All we can do is observe and know.
Six Pairs of Refinement in Body and Mind
As wholesome mental factors continue to draw merit inward, six paired qualities arise in body and mind together. Passaddhi means , calming body and mind from restlessness and confusion. Lahutā means lightness, making body and mind feel as if floating. Mudutā means softness and gentleness. Kammaññatā means fitness for work — like the tongue and teeth working together in harmony rather than colliding, or a skilled craftsman who can judge a measurement accurately just by looking, because the inner mechanism works in harmony with the task at hand. Pāguññatā means agility and liveliness, quick and lively rather than sluggish. And ujukatā means uprightness — body and mind moving within the track of the Dhamma, never straying off course. None of these six pairs arise on their own; they are the fruit of established mental factors that also guard the practice from going astray — as when seeing light or images brings excitement that carries the practitioner off track.
Every Word Has Its Effect: The Sugar Water and the Dhamma Sphere
The teacher explained that every command we set within the mind has its effect, because there are 84,000 sections of wholesome Dhamma teaching serving as the instrument. The outer world differs from the inner world: to make sweet water externally, one must go buy sugar, stir it in, and dissolve it — but once made, it lasts for days. The inner “sweetness,” which is Dhamma, can be conjured far more easily — simply set the intention and it appears at once — but it lasts only seconds, fifteen, thirty, before fading, until through training mindfulness can sustain that state for longer and longer, eventually for hours at a time.
Once mindfulness sustains that state, the Dhamma — which can only arise in the mind, nowhere else — shows its qualities. Setting the intention “relax,” a sphere of relaxation arises in the mind, automatically slowing the breath and releasing tension in every muscle. And it does more than merely display its quality — it also draws meritorious energy inward, driving the wholesome system to refine and purify the elements within us further. Conversely, merely saying the word “bored” instantly establishes a sphere of boredom, which will eventually lead us to get up and leave the seat. Every word thus carries real weight for life. Learning the Dhamma requires understanding each word with full clarity, because if each word is not understood, the whole sentence cannot be understood either.
The Story: From the Dusita Heaven to the Human World
The teacher shared a story illustrating right view (sammādiṭṭhi), from the time before this life's birth. While dwelling in the Dusita heaven, our teacher's teacher descended, attained the Dhamma, and brought forth the of — causing excitement and joy to spread throughout that heavenly assembly, since it meant that descending to be born would still allow access to the inner Triple Gem. A single day and night in the Dusita heaven equals four hundred years in the human world. When the time came to descend, each one sat in meditation and made a resolve to be born, vowing to help ferry all sentient beings to , wishing to be the very last to enter. Three goals were set for this descent, following the founding teacher's three-part motto: to reach the Dhamma, to seek merit and build perfections, and to reach the inner Triple Gem.
But upon being born, we forget everything and begin life anew. The teacher then asked: what do we want right now, and does it match the vow made before this descent — or have we instead let the feelings of the human world take charge, wanting to be rich because others are rich, wanting comfort because others are comfortable, forgetting entirely the role we set out to fulfill?
Reaching the Inner Triple Gem: Easy Through Understanding, Hard Without It
The founding teacher once said that reaching the Triple Gem can be called easy or hard — it is hard where there is no understanding, and easy where there is understanding. That understanding is this: the mind is an element of accomplishment — whatever you set, it becomes so. If we set the intention that the Buddha image dwells within, and ask where we would go if we died right now, the answer is certainly heaven, because once the Triple Gem appears, it takes over guiding us completely. What we truly want is something of the highest, most sublime power watching over us. The word “bhāvanā” (meditation/cultivation) thus carries two paired meanings: to make something exist, and to make it become permanent. Setting an intention once makes it exist, but only momentarily, not yet permanent — it must be repeated again and again until it becomes ever more lasting, until it reaches full completion.
Those newly reaching the inner Triple Gem often see it faintly; some need to sit near a light source to see more clearly — the founding teacher taught practitioners to keep the eyes slightly open, letting outside light assist. Some reach it easily because an inner refined body, whose turn has come, overlays and guides and refines the practice for them, a result of merit accumulated in the past. For those whose turn has not yet come, they must help themselves through diligence — simply bringing body and mind to sit on the cushion, in whatever posture is comfortable, sitting even without any particular feeling at first. Gradually relaxing, gradually resting the hands, gradually closing the eyes — even if the mind wanders, let it wander; guidance comes step by step, like climbing a staircase one step at a time. The only requirement is not to get up from the seat. Confusion gradually settles, until one arrives at a state of ease, and from that ease one brings the mind to rest with the Triple Gem, repeating the word “Sammā-Arahaṃ” — much like calling someone's name; when you call the name, that person comes to mind.
The Cause of Suffering and the Tools: Virtue, Concentration, Wisdom, Liberation, Knowledge and Vision of Liberation
Life seeks freedom from suffering and a better existence. To be free from suffering, one must first know its cause — the cause of suffering is (avijjā) and mental formations (saṅkhāra). Ignorance conceals the truth, distorting our understanding so that we see wrongly, causing us to practice sometimes rightly, sometimes wrongly. The essential tools reside within the dhamma sphere at : spheres of (), concentration (), wisdom (paññā), (vimutti), and knowledge and vision of liberation (vimuttiñāṇadassana). These spheres exist within every body — the refined body, the celestial body, the Brahma body, the formless Brahma body alike. The sphere of liberation frees us from every kind of suffering — laziness, fear, irritability, and every human defilement; the sphere of knowledge and vision of liberation carries us to a better, more excellent life. But these two can only function with the support of virtue, concentration, and wisdom as their foundation — which is why the Tipiṭaka records that any son or daughter of good family who enters the Teaching should train in the precept of virtue, the precept of concentration, and the precept of wisdom. Though wholesome Dhamma spans 84,000 sections, all of it resides within these three spheres.
Sīla means normalcy. The normalcy of wholesomeness means maintaining that normal state, resisting the unwholesome or neutral nature that would possess us and lead us to commit wrongdoing. When we maintain that normalcy, merit flows in to help. The sphere of virtue is thus the front line that keeps unwholesomeness from taking control — the five precepts guard against unwholesomeness, while the eight precepts guard against both unwholesomeness and neutrality, allowing us to dwell securely with wholesomeness. From there, meditation elevates the mind step by step, from the human body toward the refined body, the celestial body, and higher still — liberation sphere by sphere, dimension by dimension. Liberation is of two kinds: ceto-vimutti, liberation through the power of concentration, and paññā-vimutti, liberation through the power of wisdom. Even without yet seeing these dhamma spheres with the eye, the tools can still be used — just as a blind person can sit in meditation together with everyone else; though unseen, virtue, concentration, wisdom, liberation, and knowledge-and-vision-of-liberation can all still be put to use.
Three Kinds of Happiness: Wholesome, Unwholesome, and Neutral
Happiness comes in several kinds according to the three natures. The happiness of unwholesomeness harms both oneself and others, because whenever unwholesomeness arises, its aim is always energy — leading one to go fishing, drinking, wandering about, or hunting birds, all of which create distress for oneself and others. The happiness of neutrality causes no harm but produces no goodness either — leading one to hike through forests until exhausted, the mind scattering the whole time with nowhere to settle, or leading one to watch films, listen to music, and play games — harmless, but also fruitless, offering the mind no foundation from which to draw merit at all.
The happiness of wholesomeness, by contrast, is calm, ful, secluded, ate, liberated, and pure — inclining toward nibbāna. The founding teacher once compared it to food steamed in tiered layers: the first layer, once cooked, already has a fine, refined flavor, yet when lifted away to reveal the layer beneath, that layer is even more refined and even more delightful — layer after layer, without end. This differs entirely from the happiness of neutrality or unwholesomeness, which is always limited: tastiness is just tastiness, fullness is just fullness and then it ends; beauty is just beauty and nothing more. The happiness of wholesomeness has no such limit, and it costs nothing at all. We therefore need the sphere of knowledge and vision of liberation to reach ever more refined happiness — and even though we have not yet arrived there, the tool already exists within us. Once the tool exists, it can be used, even before we can see it.