พระอาจารย์อธิบายว่าสมถะมุ่งความสงบโดยอาศัยความสันโดษเป็นพื้นฐาน ส่วนวิปัสสนาต้องอาศัยปัญญา และตอบคำถามต่อเนื่องว่าเหตุใดพระป่าจึงเน้นสอนวิปัสสนาเป็นหลักมากกว่าฆราวาสทั่วไปThe teacher explains that calm meditation aims at inner peace built on contentment, while insight meditation depends on wisdom, and answers why forest-tradition monks tend to emphasize insight practice more than most lay practitioners can.
A lay follower asked the teacher to briefly explain () and ().
Calm Meditation Aims at Peace, Built on Contentment
The teacher explained that calm meditation develops refinement of mind, drawing it into ever more subtle inner dimensions, so that impurities gradually lessen — the more refined the mind, the purer it becomes, because the stream of merit flowing in continuously thins the im. Calm meditation is oriented toward peace and solitude, but it depends critically on — being sfied with what one has and what one is — as the key factor that leads to inner . Without contentment, at every stage the mind keeps craving more, never satisfied with what it has; a little happiness leads to wanting more, a little light leads to excitement and wanting even more — and this becomes an opening for greed, letting slip in and direct things. The happiness and light gained then gradually fade away. This is why we must train ourselves, in daily life, to be content with what we have and what we are.
The Inner World and the Outer World
The teacher explained that there are two worlds: the outer world, perceived through the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and body, and the inner world, which can only be perceived through the mind. The inner world exists just as truly, even though we may never have seen it — we must therefore learn to abide with this inner world just as naturally as we've grown accustomed to the outer one.
Insight Meditation Depends on a Foundation of Wisdom
Insight meditation, by contrast, requires a foundation of and understanding, arising first from wisdom born of learning and wisdom born of reflection, before it can develop further into wisdom born of meditative practice. With such understanding, when the unwholesome tries to direct us, we can tell what should and shouldn't be done. Without it, we get pressured into compliance, unable to object, left thinking the fault lies in our own — which is, indeed, precisely what ignorance is. Our task is to hold steady awareness so that the sphere of knowing arises; once established, it draws in pure energy to purify impurity — though this sphere of knowing still needs a meditation object to support and sustain it.
Why Forest-Tradition Monks Emphasize Insight Practice
A follow-up question was asked: why do monks in the forest tradition rarely emphasize calm meditation, teaching practice as the main approach instead, usually based on the four foundations of ?
The teacher explained that holding in every posture is always necessary and important. Calm meditation, meanwhile, is aimed at settling the impurity that arises from the frictions of ordinary worldly life; for lay people, this steady awareness that purifies impurity is a method that shows visible results, helping calm the mind and resolve intense emotional difficulties. Insight meditation, however, depends on understanding — some people have a natural inclination toward developing wisdom easily, while others don't yet have enough of it, and so need to start with a simple form of calm practice: reciting a meditation word without needing to reason anything out, simply staying focused on the recitation. This generates a wholesome energy of happiness that can even help with one's work and bring vitality to life, without needing the complexity of insight's reflective process.
Forest monks already live amid nature and solitude as a built-in foundation, so what remains for them is simply to build further wisdom through insight practice. City monks, by contrast, are caught up in administrative duties and constant engagement with lay visitors, making insight practice harder for them to develop. The same is true for ordinary lay people living amid daily busyness — they need calm meditation first, to establish inner peace, before insight can be developed further. Without understanding this principle, one risks practicing out of proper sequence and failing to gain the benefit of either approach.